Your doctor may ask that you measure your urine output to make sure that you're drinking enough water. For people with a history of kidney stones, doctors usually recommend drinking enough fluids to pass about 2.1 quarts (2 liters) of urine a day. You may reduce your risk of kidney stones if you:ĭrink water throughout the day. Prevention of kidney stones may include a combination of lifestyle changes and medications. Or your doctor may recommend treatment of the condition that's causing your parathyroid gland to overproduce the hormone. Removing the growth from the gland stops the formation of kidney stones. Hyperparathyroidism sometimes occurs when a small, benign tumor forms in one of your parathyroid glands or you develop another condition that leads these glands to produce more parathyroid hormone. When these glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (hyperparathyroidism), your calcium levels can become too high and kidney stones may form as a result. Some calcium phosphate stones are caused by overactive parathyroid glands, which are located on the four corners of your thyroid gland, just below your Adam's apple. You may need general or local anesthesia during this procedure. Your doctor may then place a small tube (stent) in the ureter to relieve swelling and promote healing.
Once the stone is located, special tools can snare the stone or break it into pieces that will pass in your urine. To remove a smaller stone in your ureter or kidney, your doctor may pass a thin lighted tube (ureteroscope) equipped with a camera through your urethra and bladder to your ureter. Your doctor may recommend this surgery if ESWL is unsuccessful. You will receive general anesthesia during the surgery and be in the hospital for one to two days while you recover. A procedure called percutaneous nephrolithotomy (nef-row-lih-THOT-uh-me) involves surgically removing a kidney stone using small telescopes and instruments inserted through a small incision in your back. Surgery to remove very large stones in the kidney. The procedure lasts about 45 to 60 minutes and can cause moderate pain, so you may be under sedation or light anesthesia to make you comfortable.ĮSWL can cause blood in the urine, bruising on the back or abdomen, bleeding around the kidney and other adjacent organs, and discomfort as the stone fragments pass through the urinary tract. For certain kidney stones - depending on size and location - your doctor may recommend a procedure called extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).ĮSWL uses sound waves to create strong vibrations (shock waves) that break the stones into tiny pieces that can be passed in your urine. Kidney stones that are too large to pass on their own or cause bleeding, kidney damage or ongoing urinary tract infections may require more-extensive treatment. They produce parathyroid hormone, which plays a role in regulating the body's blood level of calcium and phosphorus. The parathyroid glands lie behind the thyroid. Large stones and those that cause symptoms Examples of alpha blockers include tamsulosin (Flomax) and the drug combination dutasteride and tamsulosin (Jalyn). This type of medication, known as an alpha blocker, relaxes the muscles in your ureter, helping you pass the kidney stone more quickly and with less pain. Your doctor may give you a medication to help pass your kidney stone. To relieve mild pain, your doctor may recommend pain relievers such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve). Passing a small stone can cause some discomfort. Unless your doctor tells you otherwise, drink enough fluid - ideally mostly water - to produce clear or nearly clear urine. Drinking as much as 2 to 3 quarts (1.8 to 3.6 liters) a day will keep your urine dilute and may prevent stones from forming.
You may be able to pass a small stone by: Most small kidney stones won't require invasive treatment. Treatment for kidney stones varies, depending on the type of stone and the cause.
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